Asociación entre indicadores antropométricos y dislipidemia en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes de la ciudad de Caracas / Association between anthropometric indicators and dyslipidemia in adolescents and young adults in the city of Caracas

Tradicionalmente se han utilizado algunos índices antropométricos para el diagnóstico de exceso de peso en niños y adolescentes que han mostrado algunas desventajas por lo que se han postulado otros indicadores. En ese sentido, se plantea estimar el nivel de asociación entre indicadores antropométricos y la presencia de dislipidemia en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. Se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva y de corte transversal en 123 adolescentes (68,2% mujeres, edad promedio 14,5 años) y 122 adultos jóvenes (70,5% mujeres, edad promedio 21 años) de la ciudad de Caracas. Se calcularon Índices de Masa Corporal (IMC), Índice Cintura­Talla (ICT), Índice de Masa Corporal Abdominal (IMCA) e Índice de Masa Tri-Ponderal (IMT). Se obtuvo una muestra de sangre por punción venosa, en ayuno de 12 a 14 horas, a partir de la cual se cuantificó Colesterol Total, Lipoproteína de alta densidad y Triglicéridos. Se calculó la concentración de Lipoproteína de baja densidad por la fórmula de Friedewald, así como el índice LDL-C/HDL-C y el índice LogTg/HDL. Para el análisis e interpretación de los datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva univariante y multivariante. Los resultados revelaron que los índices antropométricos IMCA e IMT no mostraron mejor desempeño en predecir dislipidemia que los indicadores IMC, Circunferencia de Cintura (CC) e ICT en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. Los indicadores antropométricos de adiposidad abdominal, CC e ICT, tendieron a presentar mayores OR, ABC, sensibilidad y especificidad independientemente del grupo de estudio. En general, la capacidad de los indicadores antropométricos evaluados en predecir la presencia de dislipidemia en adultos jóvenes fue adecuada, situación que no se presentó en los adolescentes(AU)

Traditionally, some anthropometric indices have been used for the diagnosis of excess weight in children and adolescents, which have shown some disadvantages for which other indicators have been postulated. In this sense, it is proposed to estimate the level of association between anthropometric indicators and the presence of dyslipidemia in adolescents and young adults. An observational, descriptive cross-sectional investigation was carried out in 123 adolescents (68,2% women, media age 14,5 years) and 122 young adults (70,5% women, media age 21 years) from the city of Caracas. Body Mass Indices (BMI), Waist-Height Ratio (WHR), Abdominal Body Mass Index (BMAI) and Tri-Ponderal Mass Index (TMI) were calculated. A blood sample was obtained by venipuncture, fasting for 12 to 14 hours, from which Total Cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein and Triglycerides were quantified. The low-density lipoprotein concentration was calculated by the FriedEwald formula, as well as the LDL-C / HDL-C index and the LogTg / HDL index. Univariate and multivariate descriptive statistics were used for the analysis and interpretation of the data. The results revealed that the BMI and TMI anthropometric indices did not show better performance in predicting dyslipidemia than the BMI, Waist Circumference (WC) and WHR indicators in adolescents and young adults. The anthropometric indicators of abdominal adiposity, WC and WHR, tended to present higher OR, AUC, sensitivity and specificity regardless of the study group. In general, the capacity of the anthropometric indicators evaluated to predict the presence of dyslipidemia in young adults was adequate, a situation that did not occur in adolescents(AU)

Repercussões metabólicas: quais, como e por que investigar? / Metabolic repercussions: which ones, how and why investigate?

A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) é frequentemente acompanhada de distúrbio metabólico, principalmente dos carboidratos e dos lipídeos, aumentando o risco de síndrome metabólica. Por essa razão, alguns investigadores ainda denominam a SOP de síndrome metabólica-reprodutiva. O objetivo deste capítulo é descrever as principais repercussões metabólicas, bem como como investigá-las e saber como suas consequências podem ser deletérias para a saúde da mulher. Esta é uma revisão narrativa mostrando a implicação do metabolismo dos carboidratos e dos lipídeos nas dislipidemias, bem como da síndrome metabólica sobre o sistema reprodutor, e o risco cardiovascular da mulher com SOP. Conclui-se que o manejo adequado dos distúrbios metabólicos na SOP é benéfico a curto e a longo prazo tanto para o sistema reprodutor quanto para o cardiovascular.(AU)

Relationship between Dyslipidemia, Cultural Factors, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Schoolchildren / Relação entre Dislipidemia, Fatores Culturais e Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória em Escolares

Abstract Background: The presence of dyslipidemia and behavioral aspects are determinants of cardiovascular risk, especially in childhood and adolescence. Objective: To verify possible relationships between dyslipidemia, cultural factors, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in schoolchildren. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated a sample of 1,254 children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17 from the South of Brazil, 686 of whom were female. Dyslipidemia was defined as increased levels of at least one of the following lipid profile parameters: triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and fractions of high (HDL-c) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c). Cultural aspects were evaluated by a self-reported questionnaire. Data were analyzed by logistic regression, considering the odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) at 95%. Results: The results revealed a high prevalence of dyslipidemia (41.9%), which was associated with female sex (OR: 1.56; IC: 1.24-1.96) and overweight/obese status (OR: 1.55; IC: 1.20-2.00). When lipid profile parameters were evaluated separately, high levels of LDL-c were observed to be associated with sedentary school transport (OR: 1.59; IC: 1.20-2.09). Schoolchildren who were overweight/obese had higher chances of elevated levels of TC (OR: 1.40; IC: 1.07-1.84) and TG (OR: 3.21; IC: 1.96-5.26). HDL-c was shown to be related to high television time (OR: 1.59; IC: 1.00-2.54). Conclusion: Alterations in lipid parameters are associated with cultural factors, especially those related to sedentary lifestyle and low levels of CRF.

Resumo Fundamento: A presença de dislipidemia e os aspectos comportamentais são fatores determinantes do risco cardiovascular, sobretudo na infância e adolescência. Objetivos: Verificar possíveis relações entre dislipidemia, fatores culturais e aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) em escolares. Métodos: São sujeitos deste estudo transversal 1.254 crianças e adolescentes do Sul do Brasil, sendo 686 do sexo feminino, com idade entre 7 e 17 anos. Foi considerada dislipidemia a presença de níveis aumentados em pelo menos um dos parâmetros do perfil lipídico: triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol total (CT) e frações de alta (HDL-c) e baixa densidade (LDL-c). Os aspectos culturais foram avaliados por meio de questionário autorreferido pelo escolar. Os dados foram analisados pela regressão logística, considerando os valores de razão de chances (odds ratio; OR) e intervalos de confiança (IC) para 95%. Resultados: Foi encontrada elevada prevalência de dislipidemia (41,9%), a qual esteve associada com o sexo feminino (OR: 1,56; IC: 1,24-1,96) e com a presença de sobrepeso/obesidade (OR: 1,55; IC: 1,20-2,00). Quando os componentes do perfil lipídico foram avaliados de forma separada, observou-se que altos níveis de LDL-c se associaram ao deslocamento sedentário para a escola (OR: 1,59; IC: 1,20-2,09). Escolares com sobrepeso/obesidade apresentam maiores chances de elevação nos níveis de CT (OR: 1,40; IC: 1,07-1,84) e TG (OR: 3,21; IC: 1,96-5,26). O HDL-c apresentou associação com o elevado tempo em frente à televisão (OR: 1,59; IC: 1,00-2,54). Conclusão: A presença de alteração nos parâmetros lipídicos associa-se com fatores culturais, especialmente voltados ao sedentarismo e baixos níveis de APCR.

Correlation of body mass index Z-scores with glucose and lipid profiles among overweight and obese children and adolescents / Correlação dos escores-z de IMC com os perfis glicêmico e lipídico entre crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade

Abstract Objective To evaluate the prevalence of abnormalities in plasma lipid and glucose profiles among overweight and obese children and adolescents, and to assess the presence of a correlation between body mass index Z-scores and indicators of comorbidities related to both profiles. Methods This was a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted at two outpatient clinics. The study included all 417 comers for the first visit from 2008 to 2012, aged between 7 and 18 years, with BMI above the Z-score +1. Anthropometry and blood sampling were obtained. The prevalence of dyslipidemias, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance were evaluated, together with the correlations of these variables with the increase of Z-BMI. Results Dyslipidemia was observed in 43.4% of the boys and 66.1% of the girls, with no difference between genders. High glucose levels were detected in 6.2% of the individuals. Insulin resistance was present in 32.3% and 41.7% of the cases, with no statistical significance between boys and girls. Correlations between the Z-BMI were noted for triglycerides in the entire group and among girls; for HDL-c, only among girls; for glucose, a correlation was observed for the entire group, but not when stratified by gender. The indicators of insulin resistance were all correlated with Z-BMI, even when corrected for age. Conclusions Overweight and obesity give origin to a high prevalence of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. BMI Z-scores showed a weak positive correlation with glucose and triglyceride, and negative with HDL-c. In turn, the strongest positive correlation was found with insulin resistance indicators.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a prevalência de anormalidades nos perfis lipídico e glicêmico entre crianças e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade e também verificar se existe correlação entre os escores-z de índice de massa corporal (z-IMC) e indicadores de comorbidades ligados a esses perfis. Métodos Estudo de corte transversal multicêntrico, incluiu 417 pacientes entre 7 e 18 anos e IMC acima do escore-z > + 1 que fizeram a consulta de caso novo entre 2008 e 2012. Antropometria e coleta de sangue foram realizadas. As prevalências de dislipidemia, hiperglicemia e resistência insulínica foram avaliadas, juntamente com as correlações entre essas variáveis e o z-IMC. Resultados Dislipidemia foi encontrada em 43,4% dos meninos e 66,1% das meninas, sem diferença entre os sexos. Hiperglicemia foi encontrada em 6,2% dos indivíduos. Resistência insulínica esteve presente entre 32,3 e 41,7% dos casos, sem diferença estatística entre os sexos. Foi observada correlação com z-IMC para triglicerídeos quando considerado o grupo todo e entre as meninas; e para HDL-c apenas entre as meninas. A glicemia apresentou correlação quando considerado o grupo todo, mas não quando separados por sexo. Os indicadores de resistência insulínica estiveram todos correlacionados com IMC, mesmo quando se executou correção para a idade. Conclusões Sobrepeso e obesidade levam a prevalências elevadas de dislipidemia e resistência insulínica. Os escores-z de IMC mostraram discreta correlação positiva com glicose e triglicerídeos e negativa com HDL-c. Por outro lado, correlação positiva mais forte foi observada com os indicadores de resistência insulínica.

Influence of oophorectomy on glycemia and lipidogram

Abstract Purpose: To verify the influence of oophorectomy on lipidogram and glycemia. Methods: Fifty six female rats were divided into the following 7 groups (n = 8): group 1 - sham group, group 2 - oophorectomy 30 days, group 3 - oophorectomy 35 days, group 4 - oophorectomy 40 days, group 5 - oophorectomy 45 days, group 6 - oophorectomy 70 days, group 7 - oophorectomy 55 days. Animals were following by number of days according the group. Was evaluated the serum levels of glucose and lipid profile. Results: The oophorectomized rats presented higher glycemia. Groups 3, 4, 6 and 7 had a higher glycemia and LDL levels (except for group 6) and groups 6 and 7 had lowest levels of HDL. Group 7 had highest level of VLDL than oophorectomy groups. There was no difference in triglycerides levels. Conclusion: Oophorectomy was related to dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, mainly after 50th days.

Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y cardiopatía isquémica: fisiopatología, regulación génica y futuras opciones terapéuticas / Type II diabetes and ischemic heart disease: pathophysiology, gen regulation and future therapeutic options

Resumen: En los últimos años, la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) ha evolucionado en forma epidémica, experimentando un rápido crecimiento y afectando a millones de individuos a nivel mundial. La cardiopatía isquémica es la principal causa de mortalidad en los pacientes diabéticos, quienes poseen un mayor riesgo cardiovascular respecto a los no diabéticos. La DM2 y la cardiopatía isquémica se caracterizan por ser prevenibles, sin embargo, existen diversos factores de riesgo comunes que contribuyen a su desarrollo. Los mecanismos que explican la ateroesclerosis acelerada y el incremento de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 incluyen a la hiperglicemia, dislipidemia y la inflamación del endotelio vascular. La diabetes es resultado de una interacción compleja entre la genética y el medio ambiente. Recientemente se han descrito varios genes implicados en el desarrollo de la diabetes y cardiopatía isquémica y que podrían significar nuevas opciones terapéuticas. En este artículo se revisa la relación entre ambas patologías, los mecanismos moleculares y el descubrimiento de factores de riesgo genéticos comunes y su implicancia en el desarrollo de nuevos blancos terapéuticos.

Abstracts: In recent years, type 2 diabetes mellitus has evolved as a rapidly increasing epidemic and affects millions of people worldwide. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the main cause of death among diabetic patients, who have a higher cardiovascular risk than non-diabetics. Both, DM2 and IHD are characterized by being preventable, however there are several common risk factors that contribute to their development. The mechanisms that explain accelerated atherosclerosis and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus include damage by hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and inflammation on vascular endothelium. Diabetes is the result of a complex interaction between genetics and the environment, recently, several genes have been identified that appear to be involved in diabetes and ischemic heart disease that could explain its relationship and serve as new therapeutic possibilities. In this article, we review the relationship between diabetes and ischemic heart disease, the molecular mechanisms and the discovery of genetic risk factors common to both diseases and their implication in the development of new therapeutic targets.

Prevalencia de dislipidemias en la región capital: resultados preliminares del estudio EVESCAM / Prevalence of dyslipidemias in the capital region: preliminary results of the EVESCAM study

Las dislipidemias son un factor de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se desconoce la prevalencia actual de dislipidemias en la región Capital de Venezuela. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de dislipidemias en adultos de la región capital evaluados en el estudio EVESCAM. Métodos: Estudio poblacional, observacional, transversal de muestreo aleatorio poliestratificado por conglomerados. Se evaluaron 7 comunidades de la Región Capital desde julio de 2015 hasta enero de 2016: El Retiro; Miranda Casco Central y Bello Campo; Los Teques: La Cima; Guatire: Centro y Castillejo y rural: Guatire: La Candelaria. Participaron 416 sujetos desde los 20 años de edad. Los puntos de corte para definir las dislipidemias fueron hipoalfalipoproteinemia: colesterol HDL < 40 mg/dL; hipertrigliceridemia: triglicéridos (TG) ≥ 150 mg/dL; hipercolesterolemia: colesterol total ≥ 200 mg/dL; colesterol LDL elevado: colesterol LDL ≥ de 130 mg/dL; dislipidemia aterogénica: TG ≥ 150 mg/dL más colesterol HDL bajo (mujeres: < 40 mg/dl y hombres: < 50 mg/dl). Las frecuencias se expresaron en porcentajes y se aplicó el estadístico Chi cuadrado, un valor de p < 0,05 fue considerado como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: La dislipidemia con mayor prevalencia fue la hipoalfalipoproteinemia (67.1%) seguida de la LDLc elevada (20%), hipercolesterolemia (17,1%), hipertrigliceridemia (12,0%) y por último dislipidemia aterogenica (9,4%). La hipoalfalipoproteinemia, fue mayor en hombres que en mujeres (81,6% y 60,8%; respectivamente, p < 0,001) presentándose con mayor prevalencia en el grupo etario de 20 a 40 años al contrario del resto de las dislipidemias. Conclusión: La hipoalfalipoproteinemia persiste como la dislipidemia más prevalente de la región(AU)

Dyslipidemias are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The current prevalence of dyslipidemias in the Capital Region of Venezuela is unknown. Objective: To determine the prevalence of dyslipidemias in adults from the capital region of Venezuela evaluated in the EVESCAM study. Methods: apopulation based, observational, cross-sectional, and cluster sampling study was desing. Seven communities from the Capital Region were evaluated from July 2015 to January 2016: El Retiro; Miranda- Chacao: Casco Central y Bello Campo; Los Teques: La Cima; Guatire: Centro y Castillejo y Rural: Guatire: Candelaria. 416 subjects were included. Dyslipidemias was define as hypoalphalipoproteinemia: HDL cholesterol <40 mg/ dL; hypertriglyceridemia: triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL; hypercholesterolemia: total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL; High LDL cholesterol: ≥ 130 mg/dL; therogenic dyslipidemia: triglycerides ≥ 150 mg / dL and low HDL cholesterol (women: <40 mg / dl and men: <50 mg / dl). The frequencies were expressed as percentages and Chi-square test was applied to assess differences. The level of statistical significance accepted was a p-value < 0.05. Results: The most prevalent dyslipidemia was hypoalphalipoproteinemia (67.1%) followed by elevated LDLc (20%), hypercholesterolemia (17.1%), hypertriglyceridemia (12.0%), and atherogenic dyslipidemia (9.4%). Hypoalphalipoproteinemia was higher in men than women (81.6% and 60.8%, respectively, p <0.001), with a higher prevalence at the age group of 20 to 40 years, unlike the rest of dyslipidemias. Conclusion: The hypoalphalipoproteinemia persists as the most prevalent dyslipidemia in the region(AU)

Early Markers of Atherosclerotic Disease in Individuals with Excess Weight and Dyslipidemia / Marcadores Precoces de Doença Aterosclerótica em Indivíduos com Excesso de Peso e Dislipidemia

Abstract Background: Excessive weight is a cardiovascular risk factor since it generates a chronic inflammatory process that aggravates the endothelial function. Objective: To evaluate the endothelial function in individuals with excess weight and mild dyslipidemia using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (BAFMD), and the association of endothelial function with anthropometric and biochemical variables. Methods: Cross-sectional study that included 74 individuals and evaluated anthropometric variables (body mass index [BMI], waist-hip ratio [WHR], waist circumference [AC], and percentage of body fat [PBF]), biochemical (blood glucose, insulinemia, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-cholesterol) and endothelial function (BAFMD, evaluated by ultrasound). The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS, version 16.0. To study the association between the variables, we used chi-square, Student's t and Mann-Whitney tests, and Pearson's correlation. Logistic regression analyzed the independent influence of the factors. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The participants had a mean age of 50.8 years, and 57% were female. BMI, WC, WHR, and PBF showed no significant association with BAFMD. The male gender (p = 0.02) and higher serum levels of fibrinogen (p = 0.02) were significantly and independently associated with a BAFMD below 8%. Conclusions: In individuals with excess weight and mild untreated dyslipidemia, male gender and higher levels of fibrinogen were independently associated with worse BAFMD.

Resumo Fundamento: O excesso de peso é um fator de risco cardiovascular, pois gera um processo inflamatório crônico que agrava a função endotelial. Objetivo: Avaliar a função endotelial de indivíduos com excesso de peso e dislipidemia leve através da dilatação da artéria braquial mediada pelo fluxo (DABMF) e sua associação com variáveis antropométricas e bioquímicas. Métodos: Estudo transversal com inclusão de 74 indivíduos e avaliação de variáveis antropométricas (índice de massa corporal [IMC], razão cintura-quadril [RCQ], circunferência abdominal [CA] e percentual de gordura corporal [PGC]), bioquímicas (glicemia, insulinemia, proteína C reativa ultrassensível, fibrinogênio, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, triglicerídeos e LDL-colesterol) e função endotelial (DABMF, avaliada por ultrassonografia). A análise estatística foi realizada pelo programa SPSS, versão 16.0. Para estudar a associação entre as variáveis, foram utilizados os testes do qui-quadrado, t de Student, Mann-Whitney e correlação de Pearson. Regressão logística analisou a influência independente dos fatores. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados significativos. Resultados: Os participantes tinham uma média de idade de 50,8 anos e 57% eram do gênero feminino. O IMC, a CA, a RCQ e o PGC não mostraram associação significativa com a DABMF. O gênero masculino (p = 0,02) e níveis séricos mais elevados de fibrinogênio (p = 0,02) estiveram significativamente e independentemente associados a uma DABMF inferior a 8%. Conclusões: Em indivíduos com excesso de peso e dislipidemia leve não tratada, o gênero masculino e níveis mais elevados de fibrinogênio foram associados de forma independente com uma pior DABMF.

Dyslipidemia is Associated with Unfit and Overweight-Obese Children and Adolescents / Dislipidemia Associa-se com Falta de Aptidão e Sobrepeso-Obesidade em Crianças e Adolescentes

Abstract Background: Both poor aerobic fitness and obesity, separately, are associated with abnormal lipid profiles. Objective: To identify possible relationships of dyslipidemia with cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity, evaluated together, in children and adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1,243 children and adolescents (563 males and 680 females) between 7 and 17 years of age from 19 schools. Obesity was assessed using body mass index (BMI) measurements, and cardiorespiratory fitness was determined via a 9-minute run/walk test. To analyze the lipid profile of each subject, the following markers were used: total cholesterol, cholesterol fractions (high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein) and triglycerides. Data were analyzed using SPSS v. 20.0, via prevalence ratio (PR), using the Poisson regression. Results: Dyslipidemia is more prevalent among unfit/overweight-obese children and adolescents compared with fit/underweight-normal weight boys (PR: 1.25; p = 0.007) and girls (PR: 1.30, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of dyslipidemia is directly related to both obesity and lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness.

Resumo Fundamento: Falta de aptidão aeróbica e obesidade, em separado, estão associadas com perfis lipídicos anormais. Objetivo: Identificar possíveis relações de dislipidemia com aptidão cardiorrespiratória e obesidade, combinadas, em crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo transversal incluindo 1.243 crianças e adolescentes (563 meninos e 680 meninas) entre 7 e 17 anos de idade oriundos de 19 escolas. Avaliou-se obesidade usando o índice de massa corporal (IMC). Aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi determinada com o teste de corrida/caminhada de 9 minutos. Os seguintes marcadores foram utilizados para compor o perfil lipídico de cada participante: colesterol total, frações de colesterol (lipoproteínas de alta densidade e de baixa densidade) e triglicerídeos. Os dados foram analisados com o programa SPSS v. 20.0, usando-se razão de prevalência (RP) e regressão de Poisson. Resultado: Dislipidemia é mais prevalente em crianças e adolescentes do tipo inapto/sobrepeso-obesidade em comparação a meninos e meninas do tipo apto/abaixo do peso-peso normal (RP: 1,25; p = 0,007 e RP: 1,30; p = 0,001, respectivamente). Conclusões: A prevalência de dislipidemia está diretamente relacionada a obesidade e baixos níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória.

Correlation between heart rate variability and pulmonary function adjusted by confounding factors in healthy adults

The autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis, which is the state of balance in the body. That balance can be determined simply and noninvasively by evaluating heart rate variability (HRV). However, independently of autonomic control of the heart, HRV can be influenced by other factors, such as respiratory parameters. Little is known about the relationship between HRV and spirometric indices. In this study, our objective was to determine whether HRV correlates with spirometric indices in adults without cardiopulmonary disease, considering the main confounders (e.g., smoking and physical inactivity). In a sample of 119 asymptomatic adults (age 20-80 years), we evaluated forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). We evaluated resting HRV indices within a 5-min window in the middle of a 10-min recording period, thereafter analyzing time and frequency domains. To evaluate daily physical activity, we instructed participants to use a triaxial accelerometer for 7 days. Physical inactivity was defined as <150 min/week of moderate to intense physical activity. We found that FVC and FEV1, respectively, correlated significantly with the following aspects of the RR interval: standard deviation of the RR intervals (r =0.31 and 0.35), low-frequency component (r =0.38 and 0.40), and Poincaré plot SD2 (r =0.34 and 0.36). Multivariate regression analysis, adjusted for age, sex, smoking, physical inactivity, and cardiovascular risk, identified the SD2 and dyslipidemia as independent predictors of FVC and FEV1 (R2=0.125 and 0.180, respectively, for both). We conclude that pulmonary function is influenced by autonomic control of cardiovascular function, independently of the main confounders.

The potential influence of atherogenic dyslipidemia on the severity of chronic Chagas heart disease / Influencia de la dislipidemia aterogénica en la gravedad de la miocardiopatía chagásica crónica

SUMMARY Introduction: chronic Chagas heart disease (CCHD) is the most common manifestation of American Trypanosomiasis, causing about 50,000 deaths annually. Several factors bear correlation with the severity of CCHD. However, to our knowledge, the assessment on the contribution of major cardiovascular risk factors (CRF), such as hypertension and atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) to CCHD severity is scarce, despite their well-established role in coronary artery disease, heart failure and stroke. Objective: to explore the potential relationship of blood pressure and AD with the clinical profile of patients with CCHD. Methods: we performed a cross-sectional study in T. cruziseropositive patients categorized according to a standard CCHD classification. All individuals were subjected to complete clinical examination. Autoantibodies induced by T. cruzi were assessed by ELISA. Results: we observed that Atherogenic index (AI) levels rose significantly in relation to the severity of the CCHD stage, with CCHD III cases showing the highest values of AI. Furthermore, those patients with globally dilated cardiomyopathy with reduced ejection fraction showed higher levels of AI. In regard to autoantibodies, anti-B13 also showed relation with the severity of the disease. Conclusion: we observed that AI correlated with CCHD stages and contributed, in association with anti-B13 antibodies and age, to the prediction of systolic heart failure.

RESUMO Introducción: la miocardiopatía chagásica (MCC) es la manifestación más común de la tripanosomiasis americana, causando cerca de 50.000 muertes al año. Varios factores se asocian con la gravedad de MCC. Sin embargo, la evaluación de la contribución de los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRC), como la hipertensión y la dislipidemia aterogénica (DA), a la gravedad de la MCC es escasa, a pesar de su papel bien establecido en la enfermedad arterial coronaria, insuficiencia cardíaca y accidente cerebrovascular. Objetivo: explorar la posible relación de la presión arterial y la DA con el perfil clínico de los pacientes con MCC. Método: estudio transversal en pacientes con serología positiva para T. cruzi categorizados de acuerdo a la clasificación estándar de MCC. Se realizó en todos los pacientes un examen clínico-cardiológico completo. Los autoanticuerpos inducidos por T. cruzi se evaluaron mediante ELISA. Resultados: se observó que los niveles de índice aterogénico (IA) aumentaron significativamente en relación con la gravedad de la etapa de la MCC, siendo que los pacientes pertenecientes al grupo MCC III mostraron los más altos valores de IA. Por otra parte, los pacientes con miocardiopatía dilatada global con fracción de eyección reducida mostraron mayores niveles de IA. En lo que respecta a autoanticuerpos, anti-B13 también mostró relación con la gravedad de la enfermedad. Conclusión: observamos que el IA se correlacionó con las etapas de MCC y contribuyó, en asociación con anticuerpos anti-B13, a la predicción de insuficiencia cardíaca sistólica.

Continuum Cardiovascular 25 anos - Evolução de um Modelo Etiofisiopatológico / Cardiovascular Continuum 25 years – The Evolution of an Etiopathophysiology Model

O conceito de continuum cardiovascular foi elaborado por Dzau e Braunwald e difundido entre cardiologistas como modelo etiofisiopatológico que direciona o desenvolvimento de medidas intervencionistas na prevenção das doenças cardiovasculares. Após workshop realizado em 1989, foi possível reunir questões resolvidas e não resolvidas sobre fatores relacionados à terapia e proteção cardiovascular, resultando na primeira publicação por Dzau e Braunwald, em 1991. O avanço nos estudos da biologia molecular e celular permitiu entendimento do papel da disfunção endotelial no estresse oxidativo e do óxido nítrico na doença aterosclerótica coronariana (DAC),concedendo prêmio Nobel aos autores Ferid Murad, Robert Furchgott e Louis Ignarro. Em 2006, uma segunda publicação, também liderada por Dzau, consolidou o modelo clássico do continuum cardiovascular, no qual fatores de risco para DAC se associam e desencadeiam cascata progressiva de eventos levando aos estágios finais da doença cardiovascular. A partir da observação da existência de doenças isquêmicas do miocárdio em populações com baixa incidência de aterosclerose coronariana, estudos comprovaram que a doença isquêmica não está apenas associada à aterosclerose, mas também ao envelhecimento vascular. Este achado levou à publicação do terceiro artigo de O’Rourke em 2010, que apresentou um modelo adicional: continuum do envelhecimento vascular. Aevolução desse modelo possibilitou o enfoque não apenas em tratamentos preventivos dos fatores de risco da DAC, mas também na busca de terapias capazes de prevenir dano endotelial causado pelo envelhecimento vascular e de modular o estresse oxidativo. Esta revisão tem por objetivo reunir os principais estudos que embasam a evolução do modelo continuum cadiovascular em 25 anos...

The concept of cardiovascular continuum was devised by Dzau and Braunwald and spread among cardiologists as na etiopathophysiology model that directs the development of interventionist measures in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. After a workshop held in 1989, it was possible to gather resolved and unresolved issues about factors related to cardiovascular therapy and protection, resulting in the first publication by Dzau and Braunwald, in 1991. Progress in the studies of molecular and cellular biology allowed understanding the role of endothelial dysfunction in oxidative stress and nitric oxide in coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA), awarding Nobel Prize to authors Ferid Murad, Robert Furchgott and Louis Ignarro. In 2006, a second publication, also ledby Dzau, consolidated the classic model of cardiovascular continuum, in which risk factors for CAA are associated and trigger a progressive cascade of events leading to the final stages of cardiovascular disease. By observing the existence of ischemic myocardial diseases in populations with low incidence of coronary artery atherosclerosis, studies have shown that ischemic heart disease is not only associated with atherosclerosis, but also to vascular aging. This finding led to the publication of O’Rourke’s third manuscriptin 2010, which presented an additional model: vascular aging continuum. The evolution of this model allowed focusing on preventive treatments for the risk factors of CAA and the search for therapies capable of preventing endothelial damage caused by vascular aging and modulating oxidative stress. This review aims to bring together the leading studies that support the evolution of the cardiovascular continuum model over 25 years...

Envelhecer altera relevantemente a Frequência Cardíaca Média? / Does the aging process significantly modify the Mean Heart Rate?

FUNDAMENTO: A Frequência Cardíaca Média (FCM) tende a reduzir com a idade. Quando ajustado para gênero e agravos, a magnitude desse efeito é pouco conhecida. OBJETIVO: Analisar a FCM em amostra estratificada de indivíduos ativos e independentes funcionais. MÉTODOS: Mil cento e setenta e dois pacientes com idade > 40 anos realizaram Holter e foram estratificados por faixa etária: 1 = 40-49; 2 = 50-59; 3 = 60-69; 4 = 70-79; 5 > 80 anos. A FCM foi avaliada segundo idade e gênero, ajustados para Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS), dislipidemia e Diabete Melito não insulinodependente (DM). Empregaram-se diversos modelos de ANOVA, correlação e regressão linear. Considerou-se significativo valor de p bicaudal < 0,05 (IC 95%). RESULTADOS: A FCM tendeu a diminuir com a faixa etária: 1 = 77,20 ± 7,10; 2 = 76,66 ± 7,07; 3 = 74,02 ± 7,46; 4 = 72,93 ± 7,35; 5 = 73,41 ± 7,98 (p < 0,001). Mulheres tiveram correlação com maiores valores de FCM (p < 0,001). Nas ANOVAS e nos modelos de regressão, idade e gênero foram preditores (p < 0,001). Porém, R2 e Eta2 < 0,10, além de discretos coeficientes beta padronizados, indicaram tamanho do efeito reduzido. Dislipidemia, HAS e DM não influenciaram nos achados. CONCLUSÃO: A FCM reduziu com a idade. O gênero feminino apresentou valores de FCM mais elevados, independentemente de grupo etário. Correlações entre FCM e idade ou gênero, embora significativas, demonstraram magnitude do efeito de pequena relevância estatística. A prevalência de HAS, dislipidemia e DM não exerceu interação nos resultados.

BACKGROUND: The Mean Heart Rate (MHR) tends to decrease with age. When adjusted for gender and diseases, the magnitude of this effect is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the MHR in a stratified sample of active and functionally independent individuals. METHODS: A total of 1,172 patients aged > 40 years underwent Holter monitoring and were stratified by age group: 1 = 40-49, 2 = 50-59, 3 = 60-69, 4 = 70-79, 5 = > 80 years. The MHR was evaluated according to age and gender, adjusted for Hypertension (SAH), dyslipidemia and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Several models of ANOVA, correlation and linear regression were employed. A two-tailed p value <0.05 was considered significant (95% CI). RESULTS: The MHR tended to decrease with the age range: 1 = 77.20 ± 7.10; 2 = 76.66 ± 7.07; 3 = 74.02 ± 7.46; 4 = 72.93 ± 7.35; 5 = 73.41 ± 7.98 (p < 0.001). Women showed a correlation with higher MHR (p <0.001). In the ANOVA and regression models, age and gender were predictors (p < 0.001). However, R² and ETA² < 0.10, as well as discrete standardized beta coefficients indicated reduced effect. Dyslipidemia, hypertension and DM did not influence the findings. CONCLUSION: The MHR decreased with age. Women had higher values of MHR, regardless of the age group. Correlations between MHR and age or gender, albeit significant, showed the effect magnitude had little statistical relevance. The prevalence of SAH, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus did not influence the results.

Dislipidemia em crianças e adolescentes / Dyslipidemia in childrem and adolescents

A aterosclerose é um processo que se inicia na infância e se intensifica na vida adulta, dependendo da carga de fatores genéticos e da interação com fatores ambientais. A estria gordurosa é a alteração inicial, presente no endotélio após o nascimento. Por aparecer tão precoce e sem correlação com fatores de risco determinantes da placa de ateroma, a estria gordurosa é considerada uma lesão benigna, universal. A transformação da estria gordurosa em placa fibrosa (lesão aterosclerótica) ocorrerá dependendo do tempo de exposição aos fatores de risco modificáveis e não modificáveis e levará anos para formar a placa aterosclerótica. A importância da avaliação desses fatores, na primeira infância, é fundamental para que seja estabelecido o diagnóstico de alterações como as dislipidemias, na tentativa de instituir um tratamento precoce que evite a progressão da estria gordura em placa fibrosa. Essas ações de prevenção na infância, resultarão em redução do risco de doenças cardiovasculares na vida adulta.

Atherosclerosis is a process that begins in childhood and is intensified in adulthood depending on the genetic and environmental interactions factors. The initial fatty streak is presente in the endothelium after birth without correlation with risk factors involved in atherogenesis, and is considered a benign and universal lesion. The transformation of the fatty streak to fibrous plaque (atherosclerotic lesions) occur depending on the time of exposure to risk factors modifiable and non-modifiable, and it will take years to form fibrous plaque. The importance of recognizing the risk factors early in childhood, is importante to institute early treatment to prevent the progression of fatty streak to fibrous plaque. These preventive measures in childhood result in reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood.

Association of blood lipid and glucose levels with carotid intima media thickness

To measure the differences in CIMT across groups based upon normal and higher levels of fasting glucose and lipids. This cross sectional study was carried out between January to June 2011 at department of radiology and pathology, PNS Rahat hospital Karachi. From a target population of patients presenting for fasting blood glucose measurement, a total 0f 201 subjects were short listed and consented after various exclusion. These patients were sampled for glucose and lipids after brief clinical evaluation. Later subjects underwent CIMT measurement in radiology department. Age showed moderate positive correlation with CIMT readings [r=0.493, p=0.000], while BMI[r=0.038, p=0.636], fasting blood glucose [r=0.038, p=0.646], triglyceride [r=0.179, p=0.029], and total cholesterol [r=0.221, p=0.007] showed lesser correlations. Patients with hyperglycemia had higher CIMT [[Group-1, Normolycemia, FBG 5.5mmol/L= 0.7180 +/- 0.147cm][p=0.028]]. Mean CIMT values among subjects with hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia were higher than patients with normal triglycerides and cholesterol [[triglyceride:p=0.040] [total cholesterol: p=0.055]]. The carotid intima medial layers were found to be thicker in subjects having higher blood levels of fasting blood glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol

El eje cardiorrenal: una nueva estrategía con trascendencia clínica / Cardiorenal axis: a new strategy with transcendence clinic

La encrucijada entre corazón y riñón ha llevado a los investigadores a considerar nuevos abordajes en ambas patologías. La microalbuminuria es reflejo del daño endotelial y de la agresión vascular a nivel del glomérulo y está asociada con todos los factores vasculares de riesgo que se relacionan con el daño vascular y la tasa de filtración glomerular, la cual hoy día ha demostrado una estrecha relación con la evolución de los pacientes con enfermedad cardíaca o hipertensión arterial (HTA). Estas dos mediciones reflejan diferentes aspectos del riesgo cardiorrenal. Los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular, tales como la HTA, tabaquismo, diabetes mellitus y dislipidemia, comúnmente se encuentran asociados con la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), pero confrecuencia son ignorados o no bien tratados. La enfermedad renal es un problema de salud pública en crecimiento en la mayoría de los países y el número de personas portadoras de ERC se ha incrementado sustancialmente en los últimos 20 años. Este incremento ha ocurrido, principalmente, en las personas mayores de 65 años de edad, en los hipertensos y en los diabéticos. Proponemos el eje cardiorrenal como un concepto integrado con visión novedosa enfocada en el control de los factores mayores de riesgo cardiovascular y en la vigilancia de la función renal.

The relationships between cardiac and renal diseases have led investigators to consider new approaches to both pathologies. Microalbuminuria is a reflection of endothelial and vascular injury at the level of the glomeruli and is associated with all the vascular risk factors that relate to vessel damage and the glomerular filtration rate, which has been demonstrated to bear a close relationship with progression of cardiac disease or arterial hypertension in patients. Thus these two assessments reflect different aspects of cardiorenal risk. Major cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia are commonly associated with chronic renal disease but frequently ignored or not well treated. Kidney disease is a growing public health problemin most countries and the number of persons with treated end-stagerenal disease (ESRD) has increased substantially during the past 20 years. This increase has occurred primarily in individuals older than 65 year of age, in hypertensive and indiabetic patients. We propose a cardiorenal axis as an integrated concept with a novel vision focused on the control of major cardiovascular risk factors and monitoring of renal function.